Articles Of Confederation Strengths And Weaknesses History Essay

Articles Of Confederation Strengths And Weaknesses History Essay The Articles of Confederation can be alluded to as the principal constitution of the United States and set out how the Federal government was to run, including execution of United States of America, as an affirmed name for the new country. The Articles were in practice begin beginning 1777 after the Second Continental Congress arrangement a board of trustees to layout the Articles in June 1776 and arranged the draft to the states for underwriting in November 1777. The Articles was created by the authoritative body of the states which took an interest in the Second Continental Congress from an apparent call to have a comprehension with alliance for making sure about the autonomy, power, and opportunity of the United States (Bailyn) The archive encased 13 articles. It sets up that the confederation was to be alluded to as: The United States of America. It additionally attests the equality of the split up states with the confederation organization to such an extent that each state holds its opportunity, self-government, sway, and its capacity, authority, and right, which ought not be expressly designated by the Confederation. Moreover the article don't distinguish the United States of America a state or government, yet rather state, that the said States thus severally go into a strong gathering of fellowship with every one for their joint and basic interests, regular assurance, and the security of their freedoms, reinforcing the relationship among themselves to assist one another, contrary to all may offered to, their shared and general government assistance or any of them, on connection to strict conviction, territory, business, or some other reproduction at all. It sets up freedom of development as anyone may perhaps pass wholeheartedly in any of the states, excluding drifters, poor people, and criminals from reasonable managing. In the article all individuals are qualified for the rights perceived by the state into which he moves. In the event that a wrong is c arried out in a solitary state and the individual answerable for the activity escape to another state, he will be taken to and attempted in a similar Nation in which he/she perpetrated the wrongdoing. The article dispenses a solitary opportunity to each state to cast their votes in the get together of the association (the United States in congress Assembled) this was permitted to an assignment of including two to seven individuals. Get together individuals were chosen by state assembly. Likewise, people couldn't serve other than three out of whichever six years. it additionally; states that the Articles are everlasting, and must be changed by assent of Congress with endorsement by all the state lawmaking bodies, it consoles that the Confederation concurs with war obligation brought about by Congress past to the presence of the Articles, it likewise characterize a group of the States to be a standard while Congress isn't in sitting, it additionally states the forces agreed to the Uni ted States of America: to set loads, to declare war and strategies (just as coins), and for Congress to fill in as the most noteworthy court for settling contrasts between states, it additionally says that spending by the United States of America will be paid by funds raised by state councils, and dependent on the genuine property estimations will be allotted to every one of the states .In the article, Only the focal government was allowed to complete outside dealings and to articulate war. No single state could have its naval force or standing armed forces could participate in war without the assent of Congress (despite the fact that the state volunteer armies presence was energized). Each time the military is raised for general safeguard, military and colonels positions underneath colonel would be named by the state governing bodies. The Articles were later on supplanted with the more complete the United States Constitution (Mcgeehan) Regardless, shortcomings in the Articles of Confederation turned out to be clear before the Revolution wrapped up. The Articles left the biggest piece of the expert in the state governments inferable from questions of reproducing an extreme center force like the British Monarchy. The need for a pay stream was extensively surrendered. Under the articles, get together needed capacity to charge charges. Rather, it needed to speak to the states to offer assets to the general treasury; this was never adequate for the focal government. To cure this deficiency, Congress mentioned to the states for power to put down obligations and make safe the open obligations. Twelve states endorsed to such a modification, anyway Rhode Island would not assent, by this implies overcoming the application. In any case, the Congress acquired money and offered western land to make some money. The requirement for supermajorities was a resulting deformity in the Articles of confederation. Not simply did each modification must be affirmed by all the thirteen states, yet in addition all huge enactment required the support of in any event nine states. With certain representatives regularly being not in participation, a couple of states were frequently skilled to overcome administrative recommendations of primary significance. Different restrictions in the Article of Confederation end up being humiliating also. Congress may perhaps, for instance, deal bargains with remote forces, however every one of these arrangements must be supported by the states. Still when a settlement was acknowledged, Congress didn't have the position to make sure about consistence. The Congress couldn't act straightforwardly upon people or upon the countries. In such situation, abroad countries questioned the value of bargains with the new confederation. What's more, Congress had no capacity to normalize remote or interstate business. Enactment in this field, because of immaterial special cases, was left to the individual States. Contrasts in the midst of States with comparative government assistance toward the path finding of positive waterways and inlets were unavoidable. Preferential guidelines were trailed by backlashes The nonexistence of a solitary, predictable, and consistent money additionally upset exchange among the states and with various nations. Not exclusively did the value of paper money contrast from state to state, yet additionally few states, as New York and Virginia, charged obligations on merchandise approaching into their ports from different states, accordingly irritating retaliatory measures. The states could proclaim, as had the government overseer of fund that their open credit was moved out. To amalgam their issues, these recently self-administering states, having isolated forcefully from Britain, not, at this point got particular taking care of at British ports. While John Adams, U.S. serve attempted to deal a beneficial understanding in 1785, the British differ on the grounds that the element states would not be bound by it. (Jensen) In qualification to the next state assemblies, the Massachusetts lawmaking body constrained firmly blemished cash and high expenses, which activated making of a little civilian army of ranchers, headed by Daniel Shays, a previous radical War armed force commander. The event came to be perceived as Shays uprising. In an offer to assume responsibility for the Massachusetts statehouse, others Shays necessitated that dispossessions and uncalled for contracts be left. Local armies were gotten out and they quickly covered the resistance, anyway patriots asked what might occur if a revolt turned crazy, George Washington cautioned, present are combustibles in all states which a sparkle may burn down. Despite the fact that there were images of returning achievement in various regions of the youngster states, abroad and residential difficulties persistently developed. It turned out to be ever more clear to a great deal of patriots that the confederations focal principle was not durable enough to set up a sound money related framework, control exchange, put in power bargains, or do battle when required (Isaacs). Unmistakably The Articles of Confederation had a lot a bigger number of shortcomings than qualities. This is so in light of the fact that Articles of Confederation gave a ton of capacity to the states and not adequate to the focal government. Fundamentally, they shaped a delicate imperative organization, under which the countries couldn't function admirably as a solitary country. One occasion that unmistakably shows the deformities of the Articles of Confederation would be Shays uprising. After individuals began raising a ruckus, the more extravagant residents needed to pay for their individual troopers and wellbeing in light of the fact that the Articles of Confederation didn't give the nation the power to make a standing armed force. The articles shaped no different regulatory office to do and place into impact the demonstrations of Congress and no state court framework could decipher the importance of laws. To make an adjustment to the Articles, it must be resolved by and large by all states. Too, 9 out of the 13 states needed to support any significant law preceding it being passed. There existed no standing armed force to shield the country. Each state needed to make its own international strategy, just as the entry of settlements. Each state could bring in its own cash and it may not be recognized in different states. The war left a tremendous obligation, however the Articles didn't allow congress to gather charges, just to request for money from the states. The basic organization couldn't control business in the midst of the states. The Articles of Confederation was the main approved organization of the United States had a few serious deformities. Under the Articles there was only a unicameral government so that there was no division of forces. The focal organization under the Articles was excessively delicate since most of the incomparability rested with the states. Senate, under the Articles, had no impact to burden which implied that they could in no way, shape or form set up their funds. So as to modify or alter the Articles, undisputed endorsement of the states was vital which fundamentally implied that change in accordance with the Articles were impractical. For some key laws to pass by, they must be concurred by 9 of the 13 expresses this demonstrated so extreme to do that even the standard business of running an administration was difficult. Under the Articles, senate didn't have the authori

Emily Jane Brontë :: Biography Biographies Essays

Emily Jane Brontã « Â Â â â â â â Emily Jane Brontã «'s life, however short and appalling, had a mind-boggling impact on her work. Set apart by vicious passionate changes, her adolescence on the Yorkshire moors gave the people foundation common in Wuthering Heights. She was brought into the world the fifth of six youngsters on July 30, 1818, at Thornton, close to Bradford, Yorkshire. In April, 1820, the Brontã « family, comprising of Reverend Patrick Brontã «, his better half Maria, child Branwell, and girls Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, moved to the parsonage at Haworth. Emily never knew her mom, for Mrs. Brontã « contracted inward malignant growth at the age of thirty-eight and passed on in September of 1821, when Emily was only three years of age. Patrick Brontã « never remarried. In 1824, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, and Emily were enlisted at the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, found under twenty miles from Haworth. In 1825, Maria and Elizabeth became sick from u tilization and come back to Haworth, where they soon kicked the bucket. Charlotte and Emily left Cowan Bridge and came back to Haworth. Â Â â â In the harvest time of 1825, Tabitha Aykroyd was utilized as cook and maid at Haworth. Her impact on the Brontã « kids, especially on Emily, was momentous. Dark-striped cat, as she was known, was a local of Haworth and brought to the kids the fables of the Yorkshire moors: Â Â She recounted pixies that moved by the bed-sides in the evening glow, and of the individuals who had seen them. At the point when the peat gleamed red on the kitchen hearth and shadows extended over the stone floor, Tabby caused the warm air to appear to be bursting at the seams with animals of the greenery and heather. (Simpson, 27) Â Â â â The minds of the Brontã « youngsters, terminated by Tabby's intriguing folktales, experienced the entryway, in 1826, to advance improvement when the Reverend Mr. Brontã « introduced twelve wooden fighters to Branwell. The four kin made characters and islands around these toys and built up an oral writing that would later be changed into verse, comprising the notable Gondal adventure that Emily and Anne proceeded with long after Branwell and Charlotte lost intrigue. Of uncommon note is Emily's selection of names for her unique saints: Sir Walter Scott and the Lockharts. The abstract reference appears to demonstrate an associate with writing, a thought fortified by Charlotte's History of the Year 1829: Â Â Â We take two and see three papers per week.

New Student Photo Entry #13 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Entry #13 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The first two photos come from Buyu Liu, incoming MIA student. Two Tibetan horse riders are dressed up in traditional race apparel heading to the annual horse riding festival in Naqu County (4,400 meters altitude), Tibet, China. On the far left, where land transitions into the sky, a herd of   Tibetan Yak (tiny black dots) is enjoying their early-morning breakfast. My own beloved old lady, not passing on any photo op with great-looking Tibetan people. This Tibetan pilgrim is holding a typical prayers wheel, or Mani wheel. The stairway on the right hand side leads to the magnificent Potala Palace of Lhasa. These photos were taken in August 2001 during a 10-day road trip in southern Tibet. _________________________________ The following three photos come from Fairuz Haque, an incoming MPA student. Photo: Living with the lake The photo was taken at the lake city of Rangamati in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. The Kaptai Lake was formed when a large part of Rangamati drowned due the construction of Kaptai Dam during the 1960s. The people native to the area is still coping with the changed landscape. Photo: Spring Celebration at the Bookfair The photo is taken on 13 February 2006 at the National bookfair in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In an event that is one of the most colourful festival for Bengalis, every year, one day in mid-February, people dress up in yellow, orange and red to mark the arrival of Spring. A favourite destitation on the day for Dhakaits is the monthlong bookfair, organised to pay respect to the language movement of 21 February 1952 that established Bangla as the official language of Bangladesh. Photo: Fishing in the Bay of Bengal The photo shows a child from a nearby fishing community at the Kuakata sea beach at the south of Bangladesh. The surrounding communities survive off the sea,   going on lengthy fishing trips that may last for weeks at a time. The children of the communities often help the adults in weaving the nets and some onshore fishing.

A Comparison of the University of California Campuses

Anna Karenina And House Of Ulloa - 1405 Words

Anna Karenina and House of Ulloa are two novels set in very different societies which share many resemblances of how masculinity is represented and problematized in the 19th century. The following ideas will be discussed; firstly how the theme of religion is used to represent masculinity through matrimony, women and children. Secondly, the hunting sport will be identified how it portrayed the idea as well as society in which the characters live in. Succeeding, the geographical location and what effect it has on the masculinity of characters in both novels and finally the literary techniques with reference to genre, narrative will be identified to understand further the representation of masculinity and what problems it encounters. Nineteen century was the time where religion was either deeply cherished or questioned and most commonly, being religious was associated with females and their purity. In Anna Karenina, Alexei Karenin was described as profoundly religious, following all the scared vows as a husband must. He did not have any doubts of Anna’s affair at the very beginning because he found jealousy and mistrust disrespectful for himself as a husband, a father and for his wife too. Yet, when it came to confronting her he only reminded her of their scared vows that they said not only to each other but to God. It would not only be a sin withought an escape from but also a crime. In the 19th century it was considered a crime to break the marriage bond because of

Vincent Tinto And Student Retention Free Essays

string(62) " Tinto sees it they are the main perpetrators of the problem\." Vincent Tinto is currently a Distinguished University Professor at the Syracuse University a position he has held since June 1998. Prior to that, he was a Professor of Education from June 1985 to June 1998 and an Associate Professor of Education since September 1975 to June 1985 at the same university. In the period September 1971 to June 1975 he was an Assistant Professor of Education in The Columbia University New York. We will write a custom essay sample on Vincent Tinto And Student Retention or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is also currently the chair of the Higher Education Program a position he has held since 1999. His academic background is also very impressive. He did his undergraduate studies in Fordham, The Jesuit University of New York in 1963 where he graduated with a bachelor of science in Physics and Philosophy. He went on to Rensselear Polytechnic Institute to pursue his masters’ degree in Physics and Mathematics in 1965. He holds a Ph. D. in Education and Sociology which he got from the University of Chicago in 1971. It is noted that while he was pursuing his doctorate he dropped out of school to join the Peace Corps and this may be one of the reasons why his researches major on student attrition and the ways to retain them in school. In this paper, the discussion will revolve around the arguments that he presents in the course of his numerous researches and in his body of works. The professor is of the view that to retain students in school all that the schools have to do is provide quality education. He tries to explain the reasons why students dropout of school especially after the first year of college (Tinto V. 1975). He also tries to provide the solutions that may work in retaining the students in the school especially through the provision of better and quality education to the students. This is done with the assumption that students want to be in school but other factors end up pushing them away. Looking at the way he approaches the issue, one notices that he lays most of the blame on the faculty. In his opinion, students would rather be in school but the faculty and education systems fail to meet the expectation of the students and hence their inability to continue being in school. They end up not trusting an education system that does not seem to meet the standards they expect an institution of higher learning ought to possess. The reception they get at the school also determines a lot if they will make it to the end of their course or they will drop out midway. According to Professor Tinto, there are three main factors that determine whether or not a student will complete their college education and these are â€Å"academic preparation, commitment and involvement† (Seidman A. Tinto V. 2005). Although there are other factors, these are the ones identified as being most common among most of the cases. It has become of paramount importance for the schools to be able to retain their students because the graduation rate has become one of the factors determining the rating of a college. In order for a school to upgrade its position or maintain the one it is currently holding if it is a good position, a way has to be found to retain the students who are at risk of withdrawing from school. Professor Tinto among others have been conducting researches to determine what makes student leave school while others faced with similar problems persist. He conducts interviews using high-risk students who have succeeded in college as his subjects. He focuses mainly on those who are in the two and the four year courses and are under prepared and underrepresented in terms of college education. He tries to find out from them which factors enabled them to persist when others failed. As stated before, commitment, preparation and involvement are the key factors determining whether one will remain in school or one will quit midway. In an article he wrote with Cathy Engstrom ‘Access Without Support is not Opportunity’ (http://www. changemag. org), they give the example of Donald who dropped out of college after transferring to a different school. He is an example of students who drop out due to being disappointed by the college. He starts off college in a school where the teachers are concerned with the students’ welfare and the environment is challenging. However, due to familial problems Donald is forced to move to another college which he feels lacks in quality when compared to the previous school. Professor Tinto notes that, although in Donald’s he later went back to school, not all dropouts go back to finish their education. It has been recorded that majority of high-risk students especially those who are low-income do not complete their college education. In the case of the four year degree courses, only about 26 percent of low-income students finish in a period of six years when compared to the 56 percent of high-income students who achieve the same (http://www. changemag. org). The reason given for this is that they are academically under prepared especially because they do not have access to academic resources in a manner similar to that of the high-income students. This leads to feelings of inadequacy and helplessness among the low-income students often resulting in their dropping out of school. They tend to view the time spent in school as a waste of their time which could be used to generate income by working. This decision is made because they cannot foresee ever getting the same grades as the high-income students since they are not on the same level. This means that their lack of preparation leads to their lack of commitment to the education that they are receiving. Lack of commitment then obviously leads to very high rates of dropping out of college. To deal with this problem, the faculty has to get involved since as professor Tinto sees it they are the main perpetrators of the problem. You read "Vincent Tinto And Student Retention" in category "Papers" In Donald’s case, although he had not been well prepared for college, in his first school the teachers were concerned with his welfare and hence he was able to feel welcome in that school and able to concentrate on his studies. This corresponds to the idea that student-faculty out of class contact is very important to a students’ academic growth (Tinto V. 1993). When a student feels free to approach a teacher out of class, even if he or she was not well prepared when enrolling in the college, there is a high possibility that the student will succeed. The reason given for this is that the student will be able to ask for assistance and guidance from the teachers. This assistance may be academic or personal for example in choosing a career one may be able to get the best guidance from the teachers who know which are the student’s strong and weak points. A student may also be suffering from personal problems that affect his or her academic performance and by opening up to a teacher may be able to get the extra help required for excellence in the academic field. A teacher may also be able to assist a student with required material for the class or direct the student\t where to get the material if they do not have it or are unable to afford (Tinto V. 1975). From his research, Professor Tinto has found out that most of the students who succeed in college yet were in danger of dropping out attributed their achievement to contact with a faculty or staff member although this was rare (Tinto V. 1975). This contact with someone affiliated to the school helped the students get into the rhythm of college life and gave them someone to approach whenever they had problems in the school. They also got a point of reference when setting their goals of what they would like to achieve since they now had real life models to emulate and learn from. The student-faculty out of class relationship is very important as it leads to various positive gains by the student thus ensuring their retention in school. The student involved in this sort of interaction feels more satisfied with the faculty and the college as he or she feels welcome in the school. They develop both personally and intellectually while gaining the ability to think critically by being constantly in the presence of someone with experience in the field. The perception that the student has of the quality of the college improves consequently leading to their improved performance and in class while raising their educational aspirations. The overall result of all this is the persistence of the student to graduate since they have dreams to achieve (Tinto V. 1975). All the above is possible because the student has become committed to the education that he or she is receiving which is one of the key factors that the professor talks about. The student feels that there is a responsibility to attain the best grade possible because there are people helping him or her and it would be wrong to let them down. Furthermore, they have their appetites for education and also betterment of their futures through the same whetted and they also feel proud of having done the best that they could. There is also a sense of not wanting to be the one who let the entire school down through bad performance and dropping out. The third key factor that the professor talks about is the importance of the involvement of the student in the school society/community. He has come up with the idea of Learning Communities which involves the participation of both the faculty and the students. These communities work in creating a sense of community in the school that helps the students feel that they belong in a society that welcomes them. These communities are not for students only but faculty members can also form their own communities that aid them in providing the best possible education to the students while making learning easier and more enjoyable for both parties (Tinto V. Engstrom C. 2002). Learning Communities are described as teams that meet on a regular basis a number of times in a week. These teams have an agenda to improve their work for the collective betterment of the school. The members also want to improve themselves daily by engaging in discussions within the group that aid in the attainment of the schools goals and also their individual goals. This is done independent from the classroom experience which also takes place. However the classroom influences the teams because members of the same group have top have similar interests which are determined by what is done in class. In the case of students, those pursuing similar courses tend to be members of the same group because they can discuss the same things in the group and also have the same goals. The students will meet several times a week at a time convenient for all the group members’ other than class time. Their discussions will revolve around the class work and the problems each encounters when attempting the same. In case there is a major problem common to all the members they have the opportunity to get in touch with a teacher and discuss the problem and get the necessary assistance (Seidman A. Tinto V. 2005). When it comes to the faculty members, they may decide to meet weekly or twice a month to discuss ways in which they can improve service delivery to aid the students in their education. They also offer their criticism concerning the students and try and work out which ways would be best to improve the students’ performance. They also share the common problems that they encounter when performing their duties and discuss the ways in which they can make their work easier and the best ways they can deal with the problems. It is important for both students and faculty members to be involved for the Learning Communities to work. The students have to be able to count on the teachers support when addressing their issues and know that the teacher will respond to their queries. The teachers have to be available for consultations with the students. The students must be able to find time outside class when they can meet and address their problems and discuss class work. This is when this theory meets a hurdle in its implementation because time is a rare factor in college. It is almost impossible to find the people all having some free time at the same time and if the students manage it the teachers may not be available at that particular time. In conclusion, one has to give Professor Tinto credit for the work that he has done in trying to come up with ways to deal with the problems that students encounter in their college life. He has dedicated a lot of his time to researching on how to make learning easier and pleasurable to students so as to avoid their dropping out of school. He focuses on the failure of the faculty to provide a good learning environment thus causing the students to feel that the education they are getting is not worthwhile. He shows the different ways that this can be remedied to ensure that students remain in school and get good education. From his interviews, he arrives at the conclusion that for a better learning environment to be attained the students and the faculty has to change their attitude towards learning by making the learning institutions more welcoming to students. This is done by improving the out of class faculty-student relationships which aids the students get attuned to college life. It can also be done by forming learning communities which help both the students and teachers improve the education in the school and consequently the overall grade of the school. However, as much as his arguments as very valid and his solutions reasonable there are problems that are encountered in executing them. The students and faculty members claim not to have the time to be involved in the learning communities and in the student-faculty out of class meetings. However if they were to be implemented, they would be able to work beautifully. It is however important to note that not all students will be retained since some dropout of school for other reasons different from the ones discussed by the professor but the ones discussed can be greatly reduces if the measures were to be implemented. How to cite Vincent Tinto And Student Retention, Essays

New Imperialism Essays - Gaming, Windows Games, Philosophy

New Imperialism New Imperialism Starting around the 1870's and lasting until around 1905, western nations began what is today called "New Imperialism." The major powers of the western world started to gain a need for expansion. Italy, France, Great Britain, United States and Germany started to feel the pressure being exerted on them by each other and realized that in order to stay on top and remain the a western power they must stretch their boundaries across seas. During this time period imperialism was a common theme amongst the populations of the western nations and many very influential people wrote and preached the need for expanding their particular countries influence. There were three reoccurring explanations given by people in favor of expansion: the need for more land and resources in order to better suit the rising populations in the countries and increase economic chances for them, the feeling of social Darwinism meaning only the strong and powerful will survive and be on top when it is all over, and finally most of the countries that are being considered, want to be under the rule of the western powers. All these factors lead to this brief but extremely large "imperialistic explosion." A very common explanation for imperialism which people were using was the need for more territory in order to allow the population to expand culturally and economically. The rapid increase in population in Europe and the industrial revolution started causing an overcrowding in cities and serious need for jobs in order to maintain order throughout the different countries. Many countries held the belief that if a population increase was to continue at its current pace, then sometime in the near future individual countries could no longer support itself and provide jobs for the majority of the population. The United States felt the need for expansion because of the massive flow of immigrants into a recently developed nation and was not prepared for such a dramatic increase in the overall population. A common view was that the foreign territories could provide a vast new amount of natural resources as well as new agriculture. Also, once colonized, the new territories would provided a new region to sell its goods from the homeland and at the same time export more goods throughout Europe and North America. Because of the tariff barriers that most of the powers had, there was little room for exports. According to a Frenchmen of the time, Jules Ferry," exports are essential for public prosperity. Both demand for labor and scope for capital investment depend on the foreign market." (Wiesner pg. 252) With the rise of the industrial revolution a larger market for various products had developed and with the resources and fertile lands of foreign territories, economic growth was inevitable. With the increase in employment in the western world, people started a demand for new goods. It was clear that the customary thought of the western powers was that there was no escaping the need for new territories in order to export and import more goods. The people all knew that in order to gain these new territories and to insure and better economic future that there would be a cost. There would have to be a significant amount of money used by the government in order to send and army over to the new lands. Once the army was to arrive it was evident that there would be some sort of fighting and with war comes loss of lives. None the less expansion was necessary because "...it is less secure and more expensive to endeavor to cultivate three million hectares of barren land... than to insure the prosperity of a large agricultural colony..."(Wiesner pg. 257). Because of, at times, the intense rivalry between the western powers all the nations felt the need for expansion in order to remain not only a military power but an economic power. During this period of "New Imperialism" many countries made the realization that this time period could be the last chance for them as a nation to build up their empires. On account of this idea many people developed a sense of "Social Darwinism." This is the assumption that humans are involved in a struggle for supremacy over each other and for those nations that could come forth victorious will be considered the most worthy to be called a western power. Because of this idea, the exploitation of the weaker nations "by laws of nature" was not only allowed but also encouraged. By following in accordance with this new "law," eventually a better world for everyone will result. In 1879