Articles Of Confederation Strengths And Weaknesses History Essay

Articles Of Confederation Strengths And Weaknesses History Essay The Articles of Confederation can be alluded to as the principal constitution of the United States and set out how the Federal government was to run, including execution of United States of America, as an affirmed name for the new country. The Articles were in practice begin beginning 1777 after the Second Continental Congress arrangement a board of trustees to layout the Articles in June 1776 and arranged the draft to the states for underwriting in November 1777. The Articles was created by the authoritative body of the states which took an interest in the Second Continental Congress from an apparent call to have a comprehension with alliance for making sure about the autonomy, power, and opportunity of the United States (Bailyn) The archive encased 13 articles. It sets up that the confederation was to be alluded to as: The United States of America. It additionally attests the equality of the split up states with the confederation organization to such an extent that each state holds its opportunity, self-government, sway, and its capacity, authority, and right, which ought not be expressly designated by the Confederation. Moreover the article don't distinguish the United States of America a state or government, yet rather state, that the said States thus severally go into a strong gathering of fellowship with every one for their joint and basic interests, regular assurance, and the security of their freedoms, reinforcing the relationship among themselves to assist one another, contrary to all may offered to, their shared and general government assistance or any of them, on connection to strict conviction, territory, business, or some other reproduction at all. It sets up freedom of development as anyone may perhaps pass wholeheartedly in any of the states, excluding drifters, poor people, and criminals from reasonable managing. In the article all individuals are qualified for the rights perceived by the state into which he moves. In the event that a wrong is c arried out in a solitary state and the individual answerable for the activity escape to another state, he will be taken to and attempted in a similar Nation in which he/she perpetrated the wrongdoing. The article dispenses a solitary opportunity to each state to cast their votes in the get together of the association (the United States in congress Assembled) this was permitted to an assignment of including two to seven individuals. Get together individuals were chosen by state assembly. Likewise, people couldn't serve other than three out of whichever six years. it additionally; states that the Articles are everlasting, and must be changed by assent of Congress with endorsement by all the state lawmaking bodies, it consoles that the Confederation concurs with war obligation brought about by Congress past to the presence of the Articles, it likewise characterize a group of the States to be a standard while Congress isn't in sitting, it additionally states the forces agreed to the Uni ted States of America: to set loads, to declare war and strategies (just as coins), and for Congress to fill in as the most noteworthy court for settling contrasts between states, it additionally says that spending by the United States of America will be paid by funds raised by state councils, and dependent on the genuine property estimations will be allotted to every one of the states .In the article, Only the focal government was allowed to complete outside dealings and to articulate war. No single state could have its naval force or standing armed forces could participate in war without the assent of Congress (despite the fact that the state volunteer armies presence was energized). Each time the military is raised for general safeguard, military and colonels positions underneath colonel would be named by the state governing bodies. The Articles were later on supplanted with the more complete the United States Constitution (Mcgeehan) Regardless, shortcomings in the Articles of Confederation turned out to be clear before the Revolution wrapped up. The Articles left the biggest piece of the expert in the state governments inferable from questions of reproducing an extreme center force like the British Monarchy. The need for a pay stream was extensively surrendered. Under the articles, get together needed capacity to charge charges. Rather, it needed to speak to the states to offer assets to the general treasury; this was never adequate for the focal government. To cure this deficiency, Congress mentioned to the states for power to put down obligations and make safe the open obligations. Twelve states endorsed to such a modification, anyway Rhode Island would not assent, by this implies overcoming the application. In any case, the Congress acquired money and offered western land to make some money. The requirement for supermajorities was a resulting deformity in the Articles of confederation. Not simply did each modification must be affirmed by all the thirteen states, yet in addition all huge enactment required the support of in any event nine states. With certain representatives regularly being not in participation, a couple of states were frequently skilled to overcome administrative recommendations of primary significance. Different restrictions in the Article of Confederation end up being humiliating also. Congress may perhaps, for instance, deal bargains with remote forces, however every one of these arrangements must be supported by the states. Still when a settlement was acknowledged, Congress didn't have the position to make sure about consistence. The Congress couldn't act straightforwardly upon people or upon the countries. In such situation, abroad countries questioned the value of bargains with the new confederation. What's more, Congress had no capacity to normalize remote or interstate business. Enactment in this field, because of immaterial special cases, was left to the individual States. Contrasts in the midst of States with comparative government assistance toward the path finding of positive waterways and inlets were unavoidable. Preferential guidelines were trailed by backlashes The nonexistence of a solitary, predictable, and consistent money additionally upset exchange among the states and with various nations. Not exclusively did the value of paper money contrast from state to state, yet additionally few states, as New York and Virginia, charged obligations on merchandise approaching into their ports from different states, accordingly irritating retaliatory measures. The states could proclaim, as had the government overseer of fund that their open credit was moved out. To amalgam their issues, these recently self-administering states, having isolated forcefully from Britain, not, at this point got particular taking care of at British ports. While John Adams, U.S. serve attempted to deal a beneficial understanding in 1785, the British differ on the grounds that the element states would not be bound by it. (Jensen) In qualification to the next state assemblies, the Massachusetts lawmaking body constrained firmly blemished cash and high expenses, which activated making of a little civilian army of ranchers, headed by Daniel Shays, a previous radical War armed force commander. The event came to be perceived as Shays uprising. In an offer to assume responsibility for the Massachusetts statehouse, others Shays necessitated that dispossessions and uncalled for contracts be left. Local armies were gotten out and they quickly covered the resistance, anyway patriots asked what might occur if a revolt turned crazy, George Washington cautioned, present are combustibles in all states which a sparkle may burn down. Despite the fact that there were images of returning achievement in various regions of the youngster states, abroad and residential difficulties persistently developed. It turned out to be ever more clear to a great deal of patriots that the confederations focal principle was not durable enough to set up a sound money related framework, control exchange, put in power bargains, or do battle when required (Isaacs). Unmistakably The Articles of Confederation had a lot a bigger number of shortcomings than qualities. This is so in light of the fact that Articles of Confederation gave a ton of capacity to the states and not adequate to the focal government. Fundamentally, they shaped a delicate imperative organization, under which the countries couldn't function admirably as a solitary country. One occasion that unmistakably shows the deformities of the Articles of Confederation would be Shays uprising. After individuals began raising a ruckus, the more extravagant residents needed to pay for their individual troopers and wellbeing in light of the fact that the Articles of Confederation didn't give the nation the power to make a standing armed force. The articles shaped no different regulatory office to do and place into impact the demonstrations of Congress and no state court framework could decipher the importance of laws. To make an adjustment to the Articles, it must be resolved by and large by all states. Too, 9 out of the 13 states needed to support any significant law preceding it being passed. There existed no standing armed force to shield the country. Each state needed to make its own international strategy, just as the entry of settlements. Each state could bring in its own cash and it may not be recognized in different states. The war left a tremendous obligation, however the Articles didn't allow congress to gather charges, just to request for money from the states. The basic organization couldn't control business in the midst of the states. The Articles of Confederation was the main approved organization of the United States had a few serious deformities. Under the Articles there was only a unicameral government so that there was no division of forces. The focal organization under the Articles was excessively delicate since most of the incomparability rested with the states. Senate, under the Articles, had no impact to burden which implied that they could in no way, shape or form set up their funds. So as to modify or alter the Articles, undisputed endorsement of the states was vital which fundamentally implied that change in accordance with the Articles were impractical. For some key laws to pass by, they must be concurred by 9 of the 13 expresses this demonstrated so extreme to do that even the standard business of running an administration was difficult. Under the Articles, senate didn't have the authori

Emily Jane Brontë :: Biography Biographies Essays

Emily Jane Brontã « Â Â â â â â â Emily Jane Brontã «'s life, however short and appalling, had a mind-boggling impact on her work. Set apart by vicious passionate changes, her adolescence on the Yorkshire moors gave the people foundation common in Wuthering Heights. She was brought into the world the fifth of six youngsters on July 30, 1818, at Thornton, close to Bradford, Yorkshire. In April, 1820, the Brontã « family, comprising of Reverend Patrick Brontã «, his better half Maria, child Branwell, and girls Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, Emily, and Anne, moved to the parsonage at Haworth. Emily never knew her mom, for Mrs. Brontã « contracted inward malignant growth at the age of thirty-eight and passed on in September of 1821, when Emily was only three years of age. Patrick Brontã « never remarried. In 1824, Maria, Elizabeth, Charlotte, and Emily were enlisted at the Clergy Daughters' School at Cowan Bridge, found under twenty miles from Haworth. In 1825, Maria and Elizabeth became sick from u tilization and come back to Haworth, where they soon kicked the bucket. Charlotte and Emily left Cowan Bridge and came back to Haworth. Â Â â â In the harvest time of 1825, Tabitha Aykroyd was utilized as cook and maid at Haworth. Her impact on the Brontã « kids, especially on Emily, was momentous. Dark-striped cat, as she was known, was a local of Haworth and brought to the kids the fables of the Yorkshire moors: Â Â She recounted pixies that moved by the bed-sides in the evening glow, and of the individuals who had seen them. At the point when the peat gleamed red on the kitchen hearth and shadows extended over the stone floor, Tabby caused the warm air to appear to be bursting at the seams with animals of the greenery and heather. (Simpson, 27) Â Â â â The minds of the Brontã « youngsters, terminated by Tabby's intriguing folktales, experienced the entryway, in 1826, to advance improvement when the Reverend Mr. Brontã « introduced twelve wooden fighters to Branwell. The four kin made characters and islands around these toys and built up an oral writing that would later be changed into verse, comprising the notable Gondal adventure that Emily and Anne proceeded with long after Branwell and Charlotte lost intrigue. Of uncommon note is Emily's selection of names for her unique saints: Sir Walter Scott and the Lockharts. The abstract reference appears to demonstrate an associate with writing, a thought fortified by Charlotte's History of the Year 1829: Â Â Â We take two and see three papers per week.

New Student Photo Entry #13 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

New Student Photo Entry #13 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The first two photos come from Buyu Liu, incoming MIA student. Two Tibetan horse riders are dressed up in traditional race apparel heading to the annual horse riding festival in Naqu County (4,400 meters altitude), Tibet, China. On the far left, where land transitions into the sky, a herd of   Tibetan Yak (tiny black dots) is enjoying their early-morning breakfast. My own beloved old lady, not passing on any photo op with great-looking Tibetan people. This Tibetan pilgrim is holding a typical prayers wheel, or Mani wheel. The stairway on the right hand side leads to the magnificent Potala Palace of Lhasa. These photos were taken in August 2001 during a 10-day road trip in southern Tibet. _________________________________ The following three photos come from Fairuz Haque, an incoming MPA student. Photo: Living with the lake The photo was taken at the lake city of Rangamati in the Chittagong Hill Tracts in Bangladesh. The Kaptai Lake was formed when a large part of Rangamati drowned due the construction of Kaptai Dam during the 1960s. The people native to the area is still coping with the changed landscape. Photo: Spring Celebration at the Bookfair The photo is taken on 13 February 2006 at the National bookfair in Dhaka, Bangladesh. In an event that is one of the most colourful festival for Bengalis, every year, one day in mid-February, people dress up in yellow, orange and red to mark the arrival of Spring. A favourite destitation on the day for Dhakaits is the monthlong bookfair, organised to pay respect to the language movement of 21 February 1952 that established Bangla as the official language of Bangladesh. Photo: Fishing in the Bay of Bengal The photo shows a child from a nearby fishing community at the Kuakata sea beach at the south of Bangladesh. The surrounding communities survive off the sea,   going on lengthy fishing trips that may last for weeks at a time. The children of the communities often help the adults in weaving the nets and some onshore fishing.

A Comparison of the University of California Campuses

Anna Karenina And House Of Ulloa - 1405 Words

Anna Karenina and House of Ulloa are two novels set in very different societies which share many resemblances of how masculinity is represented and problematized in the 19th century. The following ideas will be discussed; firstly how the theme of religion is used to represent masculinity through matrimony, women and children. Secondly, the hunting sport will be identified how it portrayed the idea as well as society in which the characters live in. Succeeding, the geographical location and what effect it has on the masculinity of characters in both novels and finally the literary techniques with reference to genre, narrative will be identified to understand further the representation of masculinity and what problems it encounters. Nineteen century was the time where religion was either deeply cherished or questioned and most commonly, being religious was associated with females and their purity. In Anna Karenina, Alexei Karenin was described as profoundly religious, following all the scared vows as a husband must. He did not have any doubts of Anna’s affair at the very beginning because he found jealousy and mistrust disrespectful for himself as a husband, a father and for his wife too. Yet, when it came to confronting her he only reminded her of their scared vows that they said not only to each other but to God. It would not only be a sin withought an escape from but also a crime. In the 19th century it was considered a crime to break the marriage bond because of

Vincent Tinto And Student Retention Free Essays

string(62) " Tinto sees it they are the main perpetrators of the problem\." Vincent Tinto is currently a Distinguished University Professor at the Syracuse University a position he has held since June 1998. Prior to that, he was a Professor of Education from June 1985 to June 1998 and an Associate Professor of Education since September 1975 to June 1985 at the same university. In the period September 1971 to June 1975 he was an Assistant Professor of Education in The Columbia University New York. We will write a custom essay sample on Vincent Tinto And Student Retention or any similar topic only for you Order Now He is also currently the chair of the Higher Education Program a position he has held since 1999. His academic background is also very impressive. He did his undergraduate studies in Fordham, The Jesuit University of New York in 1963 where he graduated with a bachelor of science in Physics and Philosophy. He went on to Rensselear Polytechnic Institute to pursue his masters’ degree in Physics and Mathematics in 1965. He holds a Ph. D. in Education and Sociology which he got from the University of Chicago in 1971. It is noted that while he was pursuing his doctorate he dropped out of school to join the Peace Corps and this may be one of the reasons why his researches major on student attrition and the ways to retain them in school. In this paper, the discussion will revolve around the arguments that he presents in the course of his numerous researches and in his body of works. The professor is of the view that to retain students in school all that the schools have to do is provide quality education. He tries to explain the reasons why students dropout of school especially after the first year of college (Tinto V. 1975). He also tries to provide the solutions that may work in retaining the students in the school especially through the provision of better and quality education to the students. This is done with the assumption that students want to be in school but other factors end up pushing them away. Looking at the way he approaches the issue, one notices that he lays most of the blame on the faculty. In his opinion, students would rather be in school but the faculty and education systems fail to meet the expectation of the students and hence their inability to continue being in school. They end up not trusting an education system that does not seem to meet the standards they expect an institution of higher learning ought to possess. The reception they get at the school also determines a lot if they will make it to the end of their course or they will drop out midway. According to Professor Tinto, there are three main factors that determine whether or not a student will complete their college education and these are â€Å"academic preparation, commitment and involvement† (Seidman A. Tinto V. 2005). Although there are other factors, these are the ones identified as being most common among most of the cases. It has become of paramount importance for the schools to be able to retain their students because the graduation rate has become one of the factors determining the rating of a college. In order for a school to upgrade its position or maintain the one it is currently holding if it is a good position, a way has to be found to retain the students who are at risk of withdrawing from school. Professor Tinto among others have been conducting researches to determine what makes student leave school while others faced with similar problems persist. He conducts interviews using high-risk students who have succeeded in college as his subjects. He focuses mainly on those who are in the two and the four year courses and are under prepared and underrepresented in terms of college education. He tries to find out from them which factors enabled them to persist when others failed. As stated before, commitment, preparation and involvement are the key factors determining whether one will remain in school or one will quit midway. In an article he wrote with Cathy Engstrom ‘Access Without Support is not Opportunity’ (http://www. changemag. org), they give the example of Donald who dropped out of college after transferring to a different school. He is an example of students who drop out due to being disappointed by the college. He starts off college in a school where the teachers are concerned with the students’ welfare and the environment is challenging. However, due to familial problems Donald is forced to move to another college which he feels lacks in quality when compared to the previous school. Professor Tinto notes that, although in Donald’s he later went back to school, not all dropouts go back to finish their education. It has been recorded that majority of high-risk students especially those who are low-income do not complete their college education. In the case of the four year degree courses, only about 26 percent of low-income students finish in a period of six years when compared to the 56 percent of high-income students who achieve the same (http://www. changemag. org). The reason given for this is that they are academically under prepared especially because they do not have access to academic resources in a manner similar to that of the high-income students. This leads to feelings of inadequacy and helplessness among the low-income students often resulting in their dropping out of school. They tend to view the time spent in school as a waste of their time which could be used to generate income by working. This decision is made because they cannot foresee ever getting the same grades as the high-income students since they are not on the same level. This means that their lack of preparation leads to their lack of commitment to the education that they are receiving. Lack of commitment then obviously leads to very high rates of dropping out of college. To deal with this problem, the faculty has to get involved since as professor Tinto sees it they are the main perpetrators of the problem. You read "Vincent Tinto And Student Retention" in category "Papers" In Donald’s case, although he had not been well prepared for college, in his first school the teachers were concerned with his welfare and hence he was able to feel welcome in that school and able to concentrate on his studies. This corresponds to the idea that student-faculty out of class contact is very important to a students’ academic growth (Tinto V. 1993). When a student feels free to approach a teacher out of class, even if he or she was not well prepared when enrolling in the college, there is a high possibility that the student will succeed. The reason given for this is that the student will be able to ask for assistance and guidance from the teachers. This assistance may be academic or personal for example in choosing a career one may be able to get the best guidance from the teachers who know which are the student’s strong and weak points. A student may also be suffering from personal problems that affect his or her academic performance and by opening up to a teacher may be able to get the extra help required for excellence in the academic field. A teacher may also be able to assist a student with required material for the class or direct the student\t where to get the material if they do not have it or are unable to afford (Tinto V. 1975). From his research, Professor Tinto has found out that most of the students who succeed in college yet were in danger of dropping out attributed their achievement to contact with a faculty or staff member although this was rare (Tinto V. 1975). This contact with someone affiliated to the school helped the students get into the rhythm of college life and gave them someone to approach whenever they had problems in the school. They also got a point of reference when setting their goals of what they would like to achieve since they now had real life models to emulate and learn from. The student-faculty out of class relationship is very important as it leads to various positive gains by the student thus ensuring their retention in school. The student involved in this sort of interaction feels more satisfied with the faculty and the college as he or she feels welcome in the school. They develop both personally and intellectually while gaining the ability to think critically by being constantly in the presence of someone with experience in the field. The perception that the student has of the quality of the college improves consequently leading to their improved performance and in class while raising their educational aspirations. The overall result of all this is the persistence of the student to graduate since they have dreams to achieve (Tinto V. 1975). All the above is possible because the student has become committed to the education that he or she is receiving which is one of the key factors that the professor talks about. The student feels that there is a responsibility to attain the best grade possible because there are people helping him or her and it would be wrong to let them down. Furthermore, they have their appetites for education and also betterment of their futures through the same whetted and they also feel proud of having done the best that they could. There is also a sense of not wanting to be the one who let the entire school down through bad performance and dropping out. The third key factor that the professor talks about is the importance of the involvement of the student in the school society/community. He has come up with the idea of Learning Communities which involves the participation of both the faculty and the students. These communities work in creating a sense of community in the school that helps the students feel that they belong in a society that welcomes them. These communities are not for students only but faculty members can also form their own communities that aid them in providing the best possible education to the students while making learning easier and more enjoyable for both parties (Tinto V. Engstrom C. 2002). Learning Communities are described as teams that meet on a regular basis a number of times in a week. These teams have an agenda to improve their work for the collective betterment of the school. The members also want to improve themselves daily by engaging in discussions within the group that aid in the attainment of the schools goals and also their individual goals. This is done independent from the classroom experience which also takes place. However the classroom influences the teams because members of the same group have top have similar interests which are determined by what is done in class. In the case of students, those pursuing similar courses tend to be members of the same group because they can discuss the same things in the group and also have the same goals. The students will meet several times a week at a time convenient for all the group members’ other than class time. Their discussions will revolve around the class work and the problems each encounters when attempting the same. In case there is a major problem common to all the members they have the opportunity to get in touch with a teacher and discuss the problem and get the necessary assistance (Seidman A. Tinto V. 2005). When it comes to the faculty members, they may decide to meet weekly or twice a month to discuss ways in which they can improve service delivery to aid the students in their education. They also offer their criticism concerning the students and try and work out which ways would be best to improve the students’ performance. They also share the common problems that they encounter when performing their duties and discuss the ways in which they can make their work easier and the best ways they can deal with the problems. It is important for both students and faculty members to be involved for the Learning Communities to work. The students have to be able to count on the teachers support when addressing their issues and know that the teacher will respond to their queries. The teachers have to be available for consultations with the students. The students must be able to find time outside class when they can meet and address their problems and discuss class work. This is when this theory meets a hurdle in its implementation because time is a rare factor in college. It is almost impossible to find the people all having some free time at the same time and if the students manage it the teachers may not be available at that particular time. In conclusion, one has to give Professor Tinto credit for the work that he has done in trying to come up with ways to deal with the problems that students encounter in their college life. He has dedicated a lot of his time to researching on how to make learning easier and pleasurable to students so as to avoid their dropping out of school. He focuses on the failure of the faculty to provide a good learning environment thus causing the students to feel that the education they are getting is not worthwhile. He shows the different ways that this can be remedied to ensure that students remain in school and get good education. From his interviews, he arrives at the conclusion that for a better learning environment to be attained the students and the faculty has to change their attitude towards learning by making the learning institutions more welcoming to students. This is done by improving the out of class faculty-student relationships which aids the students get attuned to college life. It can also be done by forming learning communities which help both the students and teachers improve the education in the school and consequently the overall grade of the school. However, as much as his arguments as very valid and his solutions reasonable there are problems that are encountered in executing them. The students and faculty members claim not to have the time to be involved in the learning communities and in the student-faculty out of class meetings. However if they were to be implemented, they would be able to work beautifully. It is however important to note that not all students will be retained since some dropout of school for other reasons different from the ones discussed by the professor but the ones discussed can be greatly reduces if the measures were to be implemented. How to cite Vincent Tinto And Student Retention, Essays

New Imperialism Essays - Gaming, Windows Games, Philosophy

New Imperialism New Imperialism Starting around the 1870's and lasting until around 1905, western nations began what is today called "New Imperialism." The major powers of the western world started to gain a need for expansion. Italy, France, Great Britain, United States and Germany started to feel the pressure being exerted on them by each other and realized that in order to stay on top and remain the a western power they must stretch their boundaries across seas. During this time period imperialism was a common theme amongst the populations of the western nations and many very influential people wrote and preached the need for expanding their particular countries influence. There were three reoccurring explanations given by people in favor of expansion: the need for more land and resources in order to better suit the rising populations in the countries and increase economic chances for them, the feeling of social Darwinism meaning only the strong and powerful will survive and be on top when it is all over, and finally most of the countries that are being considered, want to be under the rule of the western powers. All these factors lead to this brief but extremely large "imperialistic explosion." A very common explanation for imperialism which people were using was the need for more territory in order to allow the population to expand culturally and economically. The rapid increase in population in Europe and the industrial revolution started causing an overcrowding in cities and serious need for jobs in order to maintain order throughout the different countries. Many countries held the belief that if a population increase was to continue at its current pace, then sometime in the near future individual countries could no longer support itself and provide jobs for the majority of the population. The United States felt the need for expansion because of the massive flow of immigrants into a recently developed nation and was not prepared for such a dramatic increase in the overall population. A common view was that the foreign territories could provide a vast new amount of natural resources as well as new agriculture. Also, once colonized, the new territories would provided a new region to sell its goods from the homeland and at the same time export more goods throughout Europe and North America. Because of the tariff barriers that most of the powers had, there was little room for exports. According to a Frenchmen of the time, Jules Ferry," exports are essential for public prosperity. Both demand for labor and scope for capital investment depend on the foreign market." (Wiesner pg. 252) With the rise of the industrial revolution a larger market for various products had developed and with the resources and fertile lands of foreign territories, economic growth was inevitable. With the increase in employment in the western world, people started a demand for new goods. It was clear that the customary thought of the western powers was that there was no escaping the need for new territories in order to export and import more goods. The people all knew that in order to gain these new territories and to insure and better economic future that there would be a cost. There would have to be a significant amount of money used by the government in order to send and army over to the new lands. Once the army was to arrive it was evident that there would be some sort of fighting and with war comes loss of lives. None the less expansion was necessary because "...it is less secure and more expensive to endeavor to cultivate three million hectares of barren land... than to insure the prosperity of a large agricultural colony..."(Wiesner pg. 257). Because of, at times, the intense rivalry between the western powers all the nations felt the need for expansion in order to remain not only a military power but an economic power. During this period of "New Imperialism" many countries made the realization that this time period could be the last chance for them as a nation to build up their empires. On account of this idea many people developed a sense of "Social Darwinism." This is the assumption that humans are involved in a struggle for supremacy over each other and for those nations that could come forth victorious will be considered the most worthy to be called a western power. Because of this idea, the exploitation of the weaker nations "by laws of nature" was not only allowed but also encouraged. By following in accordance with this new "law," eventually a better world for everyone will result. In 1879

Iliad-Odyssey Paper Essays - Trojans, Ancient Greek Religion

Iliad-Odyssey Paper Essays - Trojans, Ancient Greek Religion Iliad-Odyssey Paper Hate to Love ?I lie upon my bed with my afflicted heart, besieged by tears so stubborn and so sharp that, even as I mourn, tear me apart? (Odyssey 19.610-13). The preceding quote made by the heartbroken and devoted Penelope in Homer?s the Odyssey shows an intensity of feeling that is lacking within his earlier work, the Iliad. It is amid the latter epic that the female roles are able to step into the limelight and express the befitting emotion that give the Odyssey a philanthropic feel. Therefore it is the female characters within the Odyssey that incorporate attention to compassion because they demonstrate greater altruistic expression than men especially here when compared with the Iliad. In the Iliad the dominant role is played by men hence women had to wait backstage to prove their own complexity of character. The highly regarded ancient Greek society was overseen by the males, that is, the women weren?t involved unless they had permission by the men. Women were valued the Iliad opens with the Achaian army?s capturing of two beautiful enemy maidens, Chryseis and Briseis, who are then awarded as prizes to Agamemnon but, in comparison to men, their concerns weren?t as proclaimed in early epic poetry. In the Iliad, for example, Hektor orders Andromache back into the house during the ensuing Trojan War: Go home, attend to your own handiwork at the loom and spindle, and command the maids to busy themselves, too. As for the war, that is for the men, all who were born at Ilion, to put their minds on most of all for me (Iliad 6.436- 40). Hektor also desires his own baby son to be a great warrior rather than being active in domestic affairs as he prays: O Zeus and all immortals, may this child, my son, become like me a prince among the Trojans. Let him be strong and brave and rule in power at Ilion; then someday men will say ?this fellow is far better than his father!? seeing him home from war, and in his arms the bloodstained gear of some tall warrior slain making his mother proud (Iliad 6.419-27). (Ironically, just before Hektor made this plea to the gods his baby ?squirmed round...and began to wail, terrified by his father?s great war helm? and thereafter was comforted by his mother?s ?fragrant breast? as she ?held and cherished? her small son.) Later when Hektor becomes frightened of the realness of encountering Achilles he says, ?Aye, then and there he?ll kill me, unprotected as I am, my gear laid by, defenseless as a woman? (Iliad 22.149-51). However, it?s in the Odyssey that a man puts his trust his own life?s safety in a woman to direct and protect him on his arduous journey. The men of the Iliad are incredibly jealous creatures whereas in the Odyssey they show sensitivity that rivals that of the women who have enhanced their shrewdness. Achilles gets angry because Agamemnon acquires the ?best? war prizes without fairly earning them: You [Agamemnon] thick-skinned, shameless, greedy fool!.. . . Never have I had a plunder like your own from any Trojan stronghold battered down by the Akhaians. I have seen more action hand to hand in those assaults than you have, but when the time for sharing comes, the greater share is always yours. Worn out with battle I carry off some trifle to my ships (Iliad 1.175-196). -#- Achilles later sits and weeps childishly to his mother, Thetis, over his prize being rewarded to his adversary. Thetis actually feels responsible for her son?s misery as she declares, ?Oh early death! Oh broken heart! No destiny so cruel! And I bore you to this evil!? (Iliad 1.481-2). The mother never scolds her son. In contrast, Odysseus becomes more empathetic throughout the Odyssey because Athena brings out a new humaneness within the hero. Odysseus refrains from gloating after he kills the suitors that have overtaken his palace and scolds his maid for rejoicing: ?Old woman, check yourself; you must restrain your joy don?t shout aloud. It is profane to let your voice exult when men are slain? (Odyssey 22.480-83). His selfless attitude gives the

Biography of Mary Jackson, NASAs First Female Black Engineer

Biography of Mary Jackson, NASA's First Female Black Engineer Mary Jackson (April 9, 1921 – February 11, 2005)  was an aerospace engineer and mathematician for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (later the National Aeronautics and Space Administration). She became NASA’s first black female engineer and worked to improve hiring practices for women at the administration. Fast Facts: Mary Jackson Full Name:  Mary Winston JacksonOccupation: Aeronautical engineer and mathematicianBorn: April 9, 1921 in  Hampton, VirginiaDied:  February 11, 2005 in Hampton,  VirginiaParents:  Frank and Ella WinstonSpouse:  Levi Jackson Sr.Children: Levi Jackson Jr. and Carolyn Marie Jackson LewisEducation: Hampton University, BA in mathematics and BA in physical science; further graduate training at the University of Virginia Personal Background Mary Jackson was the daughter of Ella and Frank Winston, from Hampton, Virginia. As a teenager, she attended the all-black George P. Phenix Training School and graduated with honors. She was then accepted to Hampton University, a private, historically black university in her hometown. Jackson earned dual bachelor’s degrees in mathematics and physical science and graduated in 1942. For a time, Jackson found only temporary employment and jobs that did not line up fully with her expertise. She worked as a teacher, a bookkeeper, and even as a receptionist at one point. Throughout this time- and, in fact, throughout her life- she also privately tutored high school and college students. In the 1940s, Mary married Levi Jackson. The couple had two children: Levi Jackson Jr. and Carolyn Marie Jackson (later Lewis). Computing Career Mary Jackson’s life continued in this pattern for nine years until 1951. That year, she became a clerk at the Office of the Chief Army Field Forces at Fort Monroe, but soon moved to another government job. She was recruited by the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) to be a â€Å"human computer† (formally, a research mathematician) in the West Computing group at the organization’s Langley, Virginia facility. For the next two years, she worked under Dorothy Vaughan in the West Computers, a segregated division of black female mathematicians. Mathematician Mary Jackson, the first black woman engineer at NASA poses for a photo at work at NASA Langley Research Center in 1977 in Hampton, Virginia.   Bob Nye / NASA / Getty Images In 1953, she began working for engineer Kazimierz Czarnecki in the Supersonic Pressure Tunnel. The tunnel was a crucial apparatus for research on aeronautical projects and, later, the space program. It functioned by generating winds so fast that they were nearly twice the speed of sound, which was used to study the effects of forces on models. Czarnecki was impressed by Jacksons work and encouraged her to get the qualifications necessary to be promoted to a full engineer position. However, she faced several obstacles to that goal. There had never been a black female engineer at NACA, and the classes Jackson needed to take in order to qualify weren’t easy to attend. The problem was that the graduate-level math and physics classes she needed to take were offered as night classes through the University of Virginia, but those night classes were held at the nearby Hampton High School, an all-white school. Jackson had to petition the courts for permission to attend those classes. She was successful and was permitted to finish the courses. In 1958, the same year that NACA became NASA, she was promoted to aerospace engineer, making history as the organization’s first black female engineer. Groundbreaking Engineer As an engineer, Jackson remained at the Langley facility, but moved over to work at the Theoretical Aerodynamics Branch of the Subsonic-Transonic Aerodynamics Division. Her work focused on analyzing data produced from those wind tunnel experiments as well as actual flight experiments. By gaining a better understanding of air flow, her work helped improve aircraft design. She also used her wind tunnel knowledge to help her community: in the 1970s, she worked with young African American children to create a mini version of a wind tunnel. Over the course of her career, Mary Jackson authored or co-authored twelve different technical papers, many about the results of the wind tunnel experiments. By 1979, she achieved the most senior position possible for a woman in the engineering department, but could not break through to management. Instead of remaining at this level, she agreed to take a demotion in order to work in the Equal Opportunity Specialist department instead. She received specialized training at NASA headquarters before returning to the Langley facility. Her work focused on helping women, black employees, and other minorities advance in their careers, advising them on how to get promotions and working to highlight those who were particularly high-achieving in their particular fields. During this time in her career, she held multiple titles, including Federal Women’s Program Manager in the Office of Equal Opportunity Programs and Affirmative Action Program Manager. In 1985, Mary Jackson retired from NASA at the age of 64. She lived for another 20 years, working in her community and continuing her advocacy and community engagement. Mary Jackson died on February 11, 2005 at the age of 83. In 2016, she was one of three main women profiled in Margot Lee Shetterly’s book Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race and its subsequent movie adaptation, in which she was portrayed by Janelle Mone. Sources â€Å"Mary Winston-Jackson. Biography, https://www.biography.com/scientist/mary-winston-jackson.Shetterly, Margot Lee. Hidden Figures: The American Dream and the Untold Story of the Black Women Who Helped Win the Space Race. William Morrow Company, 2016.Shetterly, Margot Lee. â€Å"Mary Jackson Biography.† National Aeronautics and Space Administration, https://www.nasa.gov/content/mary-jackson-biography.

The federal reserve Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

The federal reserve - Essay Example Close co-ordination between the Federal Reserve and the Government of the USA is essential, because monetary policies should be in sync with fiscal policies for an effective and sustainable economic growth in the long run. The steps taken by the Federal Reserve, for example by increasing the interest rates to reduce inflation will have an impact on industrial production, consequently on employment. Therefore regulating interest rates in an economy by the Federal Reserve is a balancing act which takes into account several factors after analyzing the economic indicators. The Federal Reserve has an option of regulating money supply in the economy to regulate growth. Providing liquidity into the economic system by regulating money supply has its impacts on financial markets. Handa (2009, p. 429) observed â€Å"Many central banks, especially in financially developed economies, nowadays choose to use the interest rate, rather than the money supply, as the primary monetary policy instrument, while leaving the money supply endogenous to the economy.† Any change in the federal fund rate has cascading effect on short-term and long-term interest rates, foreign exchange of USD and stock prices. The cumulat ive effect of these impacts reflects in demand patterns and eventually spending by the businesses. In an economic slowdown, if the situation remains unchecked the multiplier effect caused in this process might lead to recession in the economy. Therefore, the role played by Federal Reserve in stabilizing economy through its monetary policies is very significant. Since policies of the Federal Reserve are concerned with employment, inflation and output, the economic indicators which are relevant in this regard are required to be carefully analyzed by the Federal Bank. Several economic indicators relating to employment, inflation and output or growth are used for this purpose. Analysis of the National Employment Report will be useful in assessing the

Sexual offender registration laws Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Sexual offender registration laws - Term Paper Example The paper tells that the origins of Megan's Law can be traced from parents/guardians right to know if a dangerous sexual predator moves into their neighborhood and to protect communities from sexual offenders. Megan was kidnapped, raped and murdered by a dangerous sexual offender living in their neighborhood. Her parents circulated a petition demanding immediate legislative action. The petition amassed over 400,000 signatures, and the law was passed in 89 days. In accordance with Megan's Law, federally known as The Jacob Wetterling Act in 1994, amended in 1998 with Section 115 of the General Provisions of Title I of the Departments of Commerce, Justice and State, the Judiciary, and Related Agencies Appropriations Act (CJSA) provide that states are required to register sex offenders and perform community notification. However, each state differs in terms of how it administers the information/methods of registrations. Lavenson notes that bill stipulates sex offenders to be prohibited f rom living within 1,000 feet of a school, day care center, church, and anywhere where children are known to congregate, including parks, playgrounds, and bus stops and therefore, is not a practical solution. Under Georgia law, sec 5, revised paragraph 10, of sexual offenders; classification; change and enact provisions, sex crimes include: child sexual abuse, child molestation, aggravated child molestation, to entice children for indecent reasons, to sexually exploit children, transports a child to a location in order to molest the child., Sexual exploitation of a child downloading pornographic material of persons under the age of 18, child pornography, sexual battery, aggravated sodomy, rape and even kidnapping of a minor.(5) http://www.legis.ga.gov/Legislation/20092010/106632.pdf Regulations regarding sexual offender registration The Georgia Bureau of Investigation (GBI) is responsible for registration of sexual offenders in accordance with O.C.G.A.  §Ã‚  42-1-12. Sec 20(a) prov ides that a sexual offender is an individual  who has been convicted of a criminal offense against a minor or any dangerous sexual offense under the laws of another state or territory, under the laws of the United States, Uniform Code of Military Justice, or in a tribal court of a criminal offense against a minor or a dangerous sexual offense. The term sexual offender is a broad term, with sexual predator being used to describe a more severe physical or repeat sexual offense (Travis, Jeremy). Sexually dangerous predator is defined in sec 21(a) as a person who was designated as a sexually dangerous predator between July 1, 1996, and June 30, 2006; or a person who is determined by the Sexual Offender Registration Review Board to be at risk of perpetrating any future dangerous sexual

Importance of Violence in Adrienne Richs Of Woman Born :: Adrienne Rich Of Woman Born Essays

The Importance of Violence in Of Woman Born In cultures as different as Sweden and the Yucatan, women have a part in the decision-making process during their deliveries. The Yucatan midwife emphasizes that 'every woman has to 'buscar la forma,' find her own way, and that it is the midwife's task to assist with whatever decision is made.' This does not mean that births are painless, but that needless pain is prevented, birth is not treated as a 'medical event,' and the woman's individual temperament and physique are trusted and respected." (p.175) Rich both begins and ends her book on the topic of violence to get our attention. Once the realization that something must change has occurred, her ideas are further developed, by implying that with some major change in the patriarchal system this violence may end, and being a mother would not be so difficult. I agree that it can be much better than this dated account of life as a mother, but as the Yucatan midwives have stated, there will still be pain. Rich would agree that woman's individual temperament and physique need to be trusted and respected, but I take it a step further and think that this particular discussion on labor should be a metaphor for the argument of this book. The description of labor and delivery above is the way in which motherhood should be approached, substituting the partner, husband, or friend for the role of the midwife. In this situation patriarchy does not need to fall, a much more attainable goal. By both beginning and ending with violence, Rich is making a statement that these atrocities can be mended or at least should be mended by her proposal of denouncing patriarchy. Not only may this not be possible, but it implies that once the balance of power has been shifted, this violence which is discussed at length could change. Although the balance of power could shift, abusive, violent, and uncaring parents, fathers or mothers, will still exist regardless of who is holding the power, thus leaving the burden of child rearing on the other parent, creating the same situation that we have today. By Rich placing such emphasis on the violence, in a backhanded way she gives hope that with her plan this violence will stop. Since Rich implies a solution to the problem, she, too, is carrying on a myth of sorts.

Locke and Shakespeare

It is important to note that Locke’s â€Å"Second Treatise on Government† is fully rooted on something ideological and taking parts of it can be considered inappropriate, specially, because the circumstances Locke laid on his work varies form that of Richard II.   Knowing this, Richard II can only be analyzed with reference to some concepts found on Locke’s philosophy rather than an actual application or portrayal of such. Following the flow of Locke’s work, I will start with his concept of the â€Å"state of war.†Ã‚   Locke indicated that a state of war is in contrast with the natural tendency of men to preserve life.   On the other hand, there are certain factors that may threaten a person and may lead him to war or destruction, but never license him to do so.   He supposes that proper implementation of the law and punishment can prevent war. During the onset of the play, it is clear that Richard II has made an erroneous error in not being able to settle and rule a fair judgement on the dispute between Bolingbroke and Mowbray.   When there is a clear indication that law has been broken and that punishment has no basis or bearing and thus, altered, questions will arise and later bring forth war. More of this can be discussed when I go into the detail of political and civil society and the dissolution of the government later in this paper.   My point here is that Richard II’s mercy of reducing Bolingbroke’s sentence to 6 years, no matter how justified, is an act outside of the law that he, himself, should inculcate and practice.   Not to add that the trial by combat that was set for Bolingbroke and Mowbray did not take place upon the king’s discretion. I understand that at the time this play was written, the King is someone ordained by Heaven to rule and so, has the right to grant mercy, create laws, wage war, etc†¦ I believe, on the other hand, perhaps, in one way, or another, similar to Locke, that power is a gift that should never be abused and should always be used for the benefit of the â€Å"natural man.†   A state of nature has existed and can never be repelled from.   In a lawful stage, at this time, that seems very unlikely, and so it does, in Richard II, and so, the next turn of events. The next is Locke’s concept on property.   He pre-supposes that man’s right on land came from the fact that he needs it to survive and he will work to own and maintain it for himself.   Knowing that there was a lot of land for everyone, he assumes that each can be afforded an equal share and that people are not supposed to take more than needed.   He discussed that the value attributed to land, i.e. gold, silver or diamonds is nothing compared to the main purpose – survival. The application of this concept is obvious in consideration of the fact that during the time the play was written; colonization and acquisition of land, in the name of the King was like a trend.   My point in mentioning this though is that improper allocation of funds, seizure of property as well as the war to Ireland are all part of the picture that led Richard II to his tragic ending. While the priorities of the king is largely different from that of the common man, the main truth in surrendering one’s fate to the king is for reasons of survival.   Locke has discussed that a man’s title for property is his own labor.   The king however, thinks otherwise.   I think that a king believes that everything under his â€Å"kingdom† is considered his possession. In the ideal sense, this is true because knowing that the king holds the title to everything means the king has to protect, nurture and make sure that his â€Å"kingdom† is living the good life.   In Richard II’s case, it seems different.   Well, maybe, for that entire period, expanding the land and winning over governance is the main aim of the king.   The bottom line is that while the king is busy making sure he owns and rules a larger â€Å"kingdom,† the people are busy criticizing what the king should do. Moving on, Locke’s discussion on the political and civil society and the dissolution of government is the main theme of Richard II as well as of this assignment.   Locke primarily said that a government exists when people decides to resign their individual rights to the government.   He however, explicitly points out that there is no place for absolute monarchy in a civil society.   This is because having the rights of all depend on one or few people means that judgement is overseen. Knowing that the ruler is also the maker and implementer of laws mean that the ruler is not subjected to any judge – the ruler cannot judge himself, perhaps only by conscience, but seemingly, the ruler becomes above of everything he has set.   And so, such may lead to anarchy, rebellion and the disintegration of the government. The type of government alone is already a subject of discussion for if Locke doesn’t believe in monarchy, then the governance of Richard II is already considered a true government.   Perhaps that was the reason why anarchy, as Locke has discussed, took place later on. Earlier in this paper, I’ve mentioned that the king’s priorities are different from the common man.   It is important to note that even Locke agrees that the common man will not understand this.   The common man’s concern is simply his/her survival – it doesn’t matter how, where, when, as long as they have the right to land and live well, then all should be well. I think this is where Richard II failed as a king.   He understands the need for war (land), the ways (funds) and even the need for strong governance (resolving conflict and â€Å"politics†) but he did not see things in a bigger picture, he did not use Locke’s simple interpretation of things.   He didn’t listen to the needs of the people and focused only on his needs as king. The way the play has progressed revealed how all of Locke’s descriptions and/or principles come into perfect merge with the eventual ending.   As I have discussed with his principles on the state of war and of property, it is clear that Richard II has brought his fate upon himself when he acted upon his assumptions.   If he hasn’t ordered the death of the Duke of Gloucester, Henry wouldn’t have had the opportunity to accuse Mowbray with treason (diversion of funds and the Duke’s death). If he has chosen to let the law decide on the fate of both, he wouldn’t have faced the dilemma of banishment.   Perhaps it was guilt, for Henry’s accusation was true, perhaps, it was because he failed to foresee the course of evens and thought that banishing Henry will be a good-of-a-solution to keep his popularity with the commoners from increasing, or perhaps, it was simply because he was just a weak king. Locke also discussed that the dissolution of the government as a result of rebellion does not necessarily mean that the government will cease to exist.   It means that change is needed and a new governance is required.   Perhaps, this is why Richard II chose to step down without the need for violence and allowed Henry to rule.   Come to think of it, if he didn’t step down, he wouldn’t have had enough power and manpower to protect him anyway, for even his own army was easily swayed with rumor that he was dead. It is on that change of governance that Locke finished his discussion.   The play however progressed further into the tragedy it is known for – the murder of Richard II.   I think this part can be associated to Locke’s early discussion on man’s state of nature.   It is quite funny that in spite of the fact that a political and civil society (at least if we are to forego the fact that it’s a monarchy) already exists in Richard II, man’s state of nature – where he believes that he has power over someone weak and/or has the right to subject someone who has offended him – will always be part of it. And so, Sir Pierce killed Richard II, thinking it is what Henry desires, which is actually true, but in any case, has caused his banishment.   This simply proves that man – no matter what state he or she is, will always be man, just as Locke attempted to base when he discussed his theory. If you’ll come to think of it, this last scenario is not so much different with the onset of the play where Mowbray was accused of murder and was banished.   The irony of such similarity may simply mean that unless the government is changed, the process will repeat.   

The Historical Development Of Nursing - 1978 Words

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Studying this stage consists of a dark stage based on the legacy of oral tradition and another stage of written tradition that begins with the study of monastic infirmary based on the study of monastic science and its rules, regulations hospitals and nursing manuals. At this stage is complex discuss the care of nursing, at this stage we can not ignore the care exercised by women in the domestic sphere either by the healing traditions of religion and magic as well as something guided by instinct and affection, wouldShow MoreRelatedHistorical Development of Nursing1368 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING 1 Historical Development of Nursing Valerie Spalding Theoretical Foundations of Practice NUR 513 May 31, 2014 Dr. Noura Kassis HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING 2 Historical Development of Nursing The development of nursing has made giant leaps throughout the last century. Starting with Florence Nightingale, the history of nursing will be discussed. 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